It's no mere cliché: The human eye truly is a marvel of adaptive optics. The eye's resolution and dynamic range lie far beyond the reach of any digital camera design. Under average conditions, it can accurately record detail with light intensities ranging over a factor of ~30,000 or 15 stops in any one scene, but the absolute dynamic range—from fully dark-adapted to fully light-adapted conditions—approaches a factor of 109, or ~30 stops. By way of comparison, good color slide film barely captures an intensity factor of 32, or 5 stops, while some B&W films and digital cameras approach 8 stops. With this kind of competition, it's a wonder any camera satisfies.
The eye is much more than an optical device, however. It's also an important outpost of the brain with its own complex neural networks responsible for a substantial amount of initial visual signal processing. Among the eye's more important processing tasks, at least in the photographic context, are the initial recognition and characterization of edges, the formation of the 3 basic visual sensations,
brightness (black-white opposition)
red-green opposition
yellow-blue oopposition
and the initial separation of the brightness and color channels found throughout the remainder of the visual chain.
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