An ICC device profile contains the information needed to transform colour data between device values and a device-independent CIE-based colour space. The ICC specification contains full details of the structure of such profiles.
To make an ICC profile for a colour device you need a profiling package. This normally includes a measurement instrument, a test target, and a software program which can read the measurements and generate the profile.
For an output device (display or printer) colour patches are displayed or printed and then measured. For an input device (scanner or camera) the test target supplied with the profiling package is captured and measurements of the target will usually be available within the software.
Once the software has the device data and the corresponding measurements, it proceeds to create the data structures which form the profile. Depending on how complex the device is to model, the profile may be anything from 1K to several MB in size.
You can see the data in the profile by opening it in a profile inspection utility such as Profile Inspector.
The International Color Consortium has more about it.
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